In recent decades, necessity to protect environment has been a serious concern for all people and international communities. In appropriate development of human economic activities, subsistence dependence of the growing world population on nature decreases the natural diversity of ecosystems and habitats day by day and provides additional constraints for life and survival of wildlife. As a result, implementation of programs to protect species and ecosystems is of great importance. The current study was carried out to implement a comprehensive strategic environmental management plan in the Mond protected area in southern Iran. Accordingly, the protected area was zoned using multi criteria decision method. According to the numerical models, fifteen data layer were obtained on a scale of 1: 50,000. The results revealed that 28.35% out of the entire study area belongs to nature conservation zone. In the following step, in order to offer the strategic planning using strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats method, a total number of 154 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the relevant experts. For this purpose, after identifying the internal and external factors, they were weighted in the form of matrices as; internal factor evaluation and external factor evaluation. Analytical hierarchy process and expert choice software were applied to weight the factors. At the end, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental issues, the strategy of using protective strategies in line with international standards as well as a strong support of governmental national execution with a score of 6.05 was chosen as the final approach.

Planning and strategic management is one of the most important feature of management system in an organization.Strategic management is a mixture of art and science, which has multifunction duties for making decision and will give the power to organization in order to achieve its targets.Keeping the environment safe has caught views of many people and institutions in recent decades worldwide. Human’s unrestricted economic activities and communities’ dependency on nature to make living, have decreased habitats’ and ecosystems’ diversity and threaten wild life. Effective and appropriate use of "Planning and strategic management" of Mand protected area by using SWOT(Strengths & Weaknesses , Opportunities & Threats) methods, and QSPM (Quantities Strategic Planning Matrix) as measuring functional indicatives in Planning and strategic management were the goal of this study.According to results taken from analysis at MOND protected area in- BUSHIHR Province, grading resulted as 4.75, 5.45, and 6.05. So, the strategy of using protective approaches won the first grade as priority plan for the area.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conservation efforts are often prioritized on a large spatial scale because information about local ecosystems is frequently lacking. Therefore, comprehensive spatial classification of a region’, s environmental characteristics is essential for effective Marine conservation. This study aimed to construct geophysical and chemical environmental delineation of the Lesser Sunda Islands which are located in Indonesia. This area is an ecoregion in the coral triangle that has been a primary concern of global biodiversity conservation strategies. METHODS: This study utilized eleven global environmental variables that were accessed from global Marine databases. After performing a principal component analysis, a fuzzy C-means clustering technique was used to classify the region into groups based on environmental characteristics in term of seasonal variability. It was expected that the areas within each group would have identical attributes and ecological processes. FINDINGS: The results suggested that the Marine environmental factors in Lesser Sunda can be simplified using a principal component analysis technique: 6 principal component factors explained 81. 06 percent of the overall raw data variability for the wet season, and 7 principal component variables explained 84. 51 percent of the overall raw data variability for the dry season. Then, the area can be delineated into 5 groups (wet season) and 10 groups (dry season) with different environmental characteristics. This method’, s classified groups principally inferred the Indian Ocean and Bali Sea, Savu Sea and Flores Sea, and Banda Sea as distinct clusters. In particular, the group that included the Indian Ocean had characteristics including lower nitrate and sea surface temperature concentrations, as well as higher potential hydrogen salinity and distance from the shore. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that the single Marine conservation area in Lesser Sunda is not sufficient to adequately represent the physicochemical dynamics in the area. The proposed delineation result will supplement the existing bioregion classification of Marine areas, such as the Marine Ecoregions of the World. Moreover, it is also consistent with existing conservation programs, including the notable national Marine protected areas of the Savu Sea. Nevertheless, the acknowledged biogeographic group of the Indian Ocean indicates that countries must work together to successfully manage Marine protected areas and achieve their conservation objectives. This work serves as a baseline for both academic research and ecological assessment, and it will contribute to Marine protected areas strategies and conservation efforts in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

The aim of this study was to recognize plant communities of Box tree (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.) stands in the Khybus protected area, located in the middle part of Hyrcanian forests (north of Iran). Vegetation releves, 64 numbers, were made at peak vegetation cover during last summer by systematic-selective method in 200 and 400 meter grid dimensions by consideration indicator stands concept. By using Braun-Blanquet tabular method, six distinct plant communities including three associations: Rusco hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis, Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis and Tilia sp.-Buxetum hyrcana with three subasociations: Rusco hyrcani- Fagetum orientalis Lauroceraetosum officinalis, Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis parrotioetosum persica and Buxus Hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis aceretosum velutinum were determined. By using two way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN, six plant communities were recognized. Braun-Blanquet tabular method and TWINSPAN fitness were estimated as 98.4% based on similar membership of relves in each plant community. Moreover, plant communities based on two first DCA axes, which represent 33% of total variances in whole of floristic data, revealed that each plant community had its own range and rather clear bordeline. Totally, results of this study not only describe plant communities of Khybus protected area as a climax model of Hyrcanian mountainous forests for the first time but also confirm that subjective Braun-Blanquet method, despite the development of numerical methods in multivariate classification of vegetation, can be used as an efficient method of separation and classification of forest sites.

Based on theory, this research investigated the relationship between the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves and the conductivity of sea water based on daily parameters of temperature and salinity in Caspian Sea with low salinity and Oman Sea with high salinity. The data was received from the oceanographic center over a period of one year and the values are calculated daily and the results show that the wave range is more sensitive to salinity. The range decreases with the increase of the frequency, so that at the frequency of 1000 khz, the range for the Caspian Sea and Oman reached about 2 and 5 cm, respectively. The range in the low frequency of 100 Hz has increased significantly and its value for the Caspian Sea is 1.51 m in March (T=11.76 C0, P=7.59psu) and for the Oman Sea it is 16.22 m in January (T=22 C0 , P=36.5 psu) was obtained. Also, the sensitivity of wave range with temperature in the Caspian Sea is more than that of the Oman Sea. This amount of range was seen at minimum and maximum temperatures of 9.74 and 24.30 degrees Celsius for the Caspian Sea, respectively 34 and 45.2 meters, and for the Oman Sea at temperatures of 22 and 32.2 degrees Celsius equal to 19.57 and 22 meters. The penetration depth of radar waves in the Caspian Sea can be three times higher than in the Oman Sea due to its low salinity. Since the range decreases with the increase in salinity, therefore, taking into account the salinity of the effluent of desalination facilities in the range of 74.8psu, the range of waves with a frequency of 100Hz has decreased sharply from 19.7m to 4m, which can be the cause of its tracking in the sea.

Bisotun protected area, a mountainous region, covers an area of 82100 hectares that includes an area of 31250 hectare wildlife refuge and protected area with an area of 50850 hectares.The area is located in the Zagros Mountains, Mid-Western side of Iran, Kermanshah province. This area due to range of altitude, physiographic factors, micro-climates and different soil types has several ecological small niches that are occupied by different plants. A total of 375 taxa, including 50 families and 220 genera have been identified from the area. Of these two families include two genera and three species belonging to Pteridophytes, 48 families (43 dicotyledones and five monocotyledones) belong to flowering plants. The most important plant families were Asteraceae, Poaceae, Papilionaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Lamiaceae respectively. The genusAstragalus constitutes the largest genus in the area. Therophytes had the highest frequency and follow them, Hemicryptophytes, Geophytes, Chamaephytes and Phanerophytes respectively. The elements of Irano-Turanian region constitute more than 63% of plants that represent area belongs to this phytogeographical region as well as the sector of Kurdo-Zagrosian. After the plants of Irano -Turanian region, bi and plurregional plant elements have the most frequencies. Endemic species make up 9.33% of the region's flora. The discovery of new speciesAstragalus ciceropsis, A. montis-parrowii and Onosma bisotunensis and new recorded Crucianella macrostachyafrom the protected area in recent years shows a previously unknown flora and its plant richness.

The Geno protected area is located in Hormozgan province, 30 km North west of BandarAbbas between latitudes (27o18'50"-27o29'16" N) and longitudes(55° 57'30"-56o18'4"E), at about 50 to 2347m above sea level. It covers an area of about 43000 hectares. In order to introuduce the plant associations of Genu protected area, 135 releves in different association individuals were recorded using the braun–blanquet school. Phytosociological data were analysed by AFC and CAH methods, Using the computer program of Anaphyto. 20 associations and one subassociation were distinguished. The most species reachness was observed in Acer monspessulani- Juniperetum excelsae and Ebeno stellatae- Amygdaletum scopariae associations. Meanwhile the native flora in sandy soils of low lands and plains seems to be threathened by the exotic species, Prosopis juliflora.

Knowledge of the reproductive biology of fish is essential for the local fish population management in Marine protected areas. The objective of the present study is to determine the sex ratio, reproductive period, and sexual maturity size classes of the blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in the Marine protected area of Niamone-Kalounayes, located in Casamance, Senegal. A total of 471 individuals including 305 females and 166 males were sampled from June 2021 to July 2022, using an experimental beach seine (250 m long, 25 mm side mesh). The sex ratio (M: F = 1. 0: 1. 8) was in favor of females. The size at first sexual maturity (Lm50) was obtained 11. 00 cm for males and 11. 71 cm for females. The seasonal variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) indicates that this population has an extended reproduction period, ranging from March to September, with a clear peak in March, followed by a period of sexual rest (October-December), and a period of maturation of the gonads from January through March. Results of this investigation provided insights for better management practices for this specie.